Author: Eshanya Verma, Atal Bihari Vajpayee School of Legal Studies, CSJMU
ABSTRACT
Gender inequality is a pervasive and complex issue that affects both men and women in various spheres of life. Cultural and social norms perpetuate gender discrimination, and it is essential to address these norms to create policies and programs that promote gender equality. gender inequality has a wide range of impacts on society, affecting family dynamics, reproductive health, child marriage, human trafficking, cultural practices, and social norms. Addressing gender inequality requires a coordinated effort from various sectors and stakeholders to create a more just and equitable society for everyone. there are several national regulatory frameworks and policies in India that aim to address gender inequality and promote gender justice. However, more needs to be done to ensure that these policies are implemented effectively and that gender inequality is addressed at all levels of society.
INTRODUCTION
Gender inequality refers to the unfair treatment of individuals based on their gender or sex, where one gender is consistently given preference or advantages over another. This social issue arises when people are not treated equally due to their gender, influenced by factors like biological differences, psychological traits, or societal norms. Gender inequality negatively impacts women in various areas, such as health, education, and career opportunities. Research highlights how different genders experience disparities across multiple domains, including education, life expectancy, personality traits, interests, family dynamics, careers, and political beliefs.
Gender inequality affects everyone in different ways, by examining the causes, effects, and solutions to gender inequality, research can contribute to a better understanding of this complex issue. Gender inequality is a timely issue that has gained increased attention in recent years. gender inequality can empower individuals and communities by shedding light on the ways in which gender inequality affects their lives. By understanding the causes and effects of gender inequality, individuals and communities can advocate for change and work towards promoting gender equality.
Gender inequality is a complex and multifaceted issue that affects individuals and society as a whole. It refers to the unequal treatment and opportunities experienced by individuals based on their gender, which is often reflected in social norms, attitudes, and institutions. Gender inequality can manifest in different spheres of life, such as education, employment, politics, health, and social relationships. In many parts of the world, women are particularly vulnerable to gender inequality, experiencing limited access to education, employment, and decision-making power. Women also face a higher risk of gender-based violence and discrimination in various forms, such as sexual harassment and unequal pay. However, it is important to note that gender inequality can also affect men in different ways, such as limited access to parental leave and societal pressure to conform to traditional masculine norms.
GENDER INEQUALITY IN DIFFERENT SPHERES
AGAINST WOMEN
Gender inequality against women exists in different spheres of life like-
Economic Sphere
- Women often earn less than men for performing the same work, even when they have the same qualifications and experience.
- Women are more likely to work in low-paying and precarious jobs, such as domestic work or informal sector employment, which lack social protection and benefits.
- Women often have limited access to resources and finance, which can restrict their ability to start businesses or invest in their futures.
- Women are less likely to own land or property, which can limit their economic security and independence.
Political Sphere
- Women are underrepresented in decision-making positions and often face barriers to political participation.
- Gender-based violence, harassment, and intimidation also act as barriers to women’s political participation, preventing them from exercising their democratic rights.
- Women are often subject to discriminatory laws and policies that limit their rights and freedoms.
Social Sphere
- Women and girls are often subject to harmful practices such as child marriage, female genital mutilation, and honor killings.
- Women are often subject to restrictive gender roles and stereotypes that limit their choices and opportunities.
- Women are disproportionately affected by violence and abuse, including domestic violence, rape, and sexual harassment.
Cultural Sphere
- Patriarchal beliefs and cultural norms prioritize male control over female bodies and sexuality, leading to discrimination, violence, and exclusion.
- Women are often subject to traditional gender roles and expectations that limit their potential and perpetuate discrimination.
- Women are often portrayed in the media and popular culture in ways that reinforce harmful stereotypes and perpetuate gender inequality.
Against men
Gender inequality against men also exists in different spheres, but it is often less recognized and discussed compared to gender inequality against women
Social Sphere
- Men are often expected to conform to rigid gender roles and stereotypes, such as being tough, competitive, and aggressive, which can limit their emotional expression and wellbeing.
- Men may face stigma and discrimination if they deviate from traditional gender roles, such as if they are stay-at-home dads or work in traditionally “feminine” occupations.
- Men may also face pressure to conform to societal expectations of masculinity, which can contribute to toxic behaviors such as violence, substance abuse, and risky behaviors.
Legal Sphere
- Men may face discrimination in family law, such as in child custody battles or divorce settlements.
- Men may also face bias in the criminal justice system, with harsher sentences and less leniency compared to women.
Economic Sphere
- Men may face discrimination in the workplace, such as being denied opportunities for promotion or equal pay.
- Men who work in traditionally “feminine” jobs, such as nursing or teaching, may face stigma and discrimination.
- Men may also be excluded from parental leave and flexible working arrangements, which can limit their ability to balance work and family responsibilities.
Framework regarding gender inequality
In India, there are several national regulatory frameworks and policies that aim to address gender inequality and promote gender justice. Some major ones are :
- The Constitution of India: The Constitution of India provides a framework for the protection of the rights of women and marginalized communities. It includes provisions for gender equality and prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender.
- The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005: This act provides legal protection to women who are victims of domestic violence, including physical, emotional, and sexual abuse.
- The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961: This act prohibits the giving or taking of dowry and provides for penalties for those who violate the law.
- The Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (Save the Girl Child, Educate the Girl Child) campaign: This campaign was launched in 2015 to address the issue of declining sex ratio and promote the education and empowerment of girls.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, gender inequality remains a pervasive issue that continues to affect individuals across different aspects of life, including education, career, health, and personal relationships. Despite progress in some areas, significant disparities persist due to deep-rooted societal norms, cultural expectations, and biological differences. Addressing gender inequality requires a comprehensive approach that involves challenging stereotypes, promoting equal opportunities, and advocating for systemic change. Only by fostering a more equitable environment can we ensure that individuals, regardless of gender, can fully realize their potential and contribute to society without discrimination.
The fight against gender inequality requires the collective efforts of individuals, governments, civil society, and international organizations to create a world that is fair, just, and equitable for all genders. It is only by working together that we can achieve gender equality and build a better future for all.
