GENDER GAPS IN POLITICAL LEADERSHIP

Author: Rithanya S, The Central Law College

Table of contents
•ABSTRACT
•INTRODUCTION
•HISTORY OF GENDER BIAS IN POLITICS
•WOMEN IN POLITICS AFTER DRAFTING •CONSTITUTION
•BARRIERS FACED BY WOMEN IN POLITICS
•CONCLUSION
•FAQS

ABSTRACT

The role of women in politics and the ongoing pursuit of gender equality have become increasingly significant in contemporary political discourse, especially in light of recent electoral shifts. Historically, politics was perceived as a male-dominated domain, but feminist research and activism have gradually influenced its landscape, shedding light on the gendered structures that shape political systems. While there has been notable progress, such as women assuming high leadership positions including presidents, prime ministers, and cabinet members and there remains a persistent gender gap in political leadership. Despite these visible advancements, women continue to face marginalization and structural barriers that hinder full participation. The paradoxes of this situation are particularly evident in India, where the intersection of gender, politics, and identity presents complex challenges. This article examines the evolution of women’s participation in political leadership, highlighting both the strides made and the significant gaps that remain, with a focus on understanding these dynamics within the context of Indian society. The continued exploration of gender and politics is essential to fully address the paradoxes and work toward true political equality.

INTRODUCTION
Politics as real world phenomenon and an academic discipline, often intersects with various social dynamics, among which gender plays a crucial role. Political science, traditionally perceived as the study of political systems, behavior, and institutions, has typically been viewed as separate from the lived experiences of individuals navigating the actual political landscape. However, to fully comprehend the dynamics of gender in politics, it is essential to understand it from both perspectives: the real world processes, such as elections, party contests, and government formation, and the academic study that analyzes these processes within structured theoretical frameworks. Gender bias is a pervasive issue in both these spheres. The structure and outcomes of political processes, including elections and policymaking, are often shaped by deeply ingrained societal norms that disproportionately affect people based on their sex or gender. Across the globe, the basic conditions of life such as safety, health, education, work, and access to public spaces are fundamentally influenced by one’s identification with a particular gender group. Whether in the electoral process or governance, gender often determines who holds power, who is heard, and whose needs are prioritized. In many instances, political systems reflect a male-dominated order where women and gender minorities are marginalized or underrepresented. This structural bias not only affects political participation but also influences the framing and implementation of policies that directly impact the lives of different gender groups. Understanding these issues requires a multidisciplinary approach that considers both the real-world experiences of marginalized genders in political spheres and the theoretical frameworks that can challenge and reconfigure these power structures. Gender, thus, emerges as both a critical lens and a tool for analyzing the deeper connections between politics and society.

HISTORY OF GENDER BIAS IN POLITICS
Gender bias in Indian politics reflects a long history of systemic exclusion rooted in patriarchal norms. The ancient Indian society where women took part only in the domestic roles, denying their entry into the politics. But many women played an indirect role and sometimes even direct role. The ancient text Arthashastra acknowledges women’s political agency. During the pre-independence era, women like Sarojini Naidu and Annie Besant participated in political movements, but representation remained limited. After independence in 1947, women gained voting rights, but structural barriers and social biases continued to restrict their political participation. Indira Gandhi’s rise as India’s first female Prime Minister in 1966 was a landmark, but women remain underrepresented in Parliament and state assemblies. Despite the 1993 reservation of 33% seats for women in local governance, attempts to implement similar quotas in higher political bodies have faced resistance. Social biases often discourage women from contesting elections, and those who do face scrutiny over appearance or personal lives rather than policies. Furthermore, women politicians encounter challenges in accessing resources, funding, and mentorship, all of which are critical to political success. Gendered stereotypes also restrict women to “soft” portfolios or roles perceived as secondary to male counterparts. However, grassroots movements and increased awareness have improved women’s political representation. Leaders like Mamata Banerjee, Mayawati, and Sonia Gandhi have redefined women’s roles in Indian politics. Activism continues to push for reforms, including the Women’s Reservation Bill, which seeks 33% reservation for women in Parliament and state legislatures. The history of gender bias in Indian politics underscores deep systemic and cultural challenges, yet growing participation and advocacy signal progress toward greater gender equality.

WOMEN IN POLITICS AFTER DRAFTING CONSTITUTION
All women could vote only after the drafting of the constitution in 1947. But even though women could vote, they were not holding many political leadership roles. Even in 2022, only 13% of women make up the Indian parliament. While globally, average of 20-25% women. It took 28 years since the bill for reservation of 33% of seats for women in parliament was introduced. Most regional and national parties also give only 20% of MLA and MP seats to women. This shows the patriarchal mind of the people since the women should stay away from the game of politics. It plays a huge part in families and their support system finding it dangerous or unsafe for women to get into politic. Therefore, politics continue to be male-dominated, a fact which is often highlighted in the treatment of few women politicians are present. Women politicians are tweeted abusive from their dressing to speech. But it is observed that the women politicians’ role seems to be progressive such as improving cooperation between political parties, and prioritizing long term developments in society.

BARRIERS FACED BY WOMEN IN POLITICS
Women in political leadership face a variety of barriers that limit their opportunities and influence. Structurally, they often lack access to the financial resources and professional networks necessary for successful political campaigns. Social and cultural norms frequently reinforce stereotypes that view leadership as a male attribute, while traditional expectations regarding family and caregiving roles place additional burdens on women. Institutionally, political systems and party structures tend to favor male candidates, often offering women less support or fewer opportunities. Furthermore, many women encounter gender-based violence, harassment, and discrimination that undermine their credibility and deter participation. These challenges are even greater for women from marginalized communities, who face compounded barriers due to race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. To create a more equitable political landscape, it is essential to implement systemic changes, such as gender quotas, mentorship programs, and stronger protections against harassment, while fostering a culture that values diverse and inclusive leadership.

CONCLUSION

The role of women in politics is both a testament to progress and a reminder of the persistent inequalities that remain. While women have made significant strides in achieving political leadership and representation, systemic barriers rooted in patriarchal norms and institutional biases continue to hinder their full participation. In countries like India, where the intersection of gender, politics, and identity presents unique challenges, progress has been marked by both groundbreaking achievements and ongoing struggles. Achieving true gender equality in politics requires collective action, including legal reforms, cultural shifts, and a reimagining of political structures to ensure inclusivity. By addressing the systemic and cultural barriers faced by women, societies can foster diverse leadership that better represents the voices and needs of all citizens. The pursuit of gender equality in politics is not just about empowering women but about strengthening democracies and creating equitable governance for future generations.

FAQS

What is the significance of the Women’s Reservation Bill in Indian politics?
The bill seeks to reserve 33% of seats for women in Parliament and state legislatures, addressing gender disparity in political representation.

What structural barriers hinder women’s participation in politics?
Women face limited access to financial resources, professional networks, and support systems necessary for political success.

What challenges do women politicians face in their roles?
Women politicians encounter gender-based violence, harassment, scrutiny over personal lives, and limited access to influential roles.

How has the participation of women in Indian politics evolved over time?
Women’s representation has improved with grassroots movements and leaders like Indira Gandhi, Mamata Banerjee, and Sonia Gandhi, but significant gaps remain.

What reforms are needed to promote gender equality in politics?
Reforms include implementing gender quotas, providing mentorship, addressing harassment, and fostering cultural shifts to value inclusive leadership.

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